Renal stones are hard masses that form from crystals in urine. They range in size from small gravel-like stones to large stones that extend into more than one calyx (staghorn calculi). Although kidney ...

Open stone surgery should only be considered for complex cases, as a salvage treatment option, or when access to modern-day technology is limited Laparoscopic and robot-assisted techniques are able to ...

Renal (kidney) stones can form in one or both kidneys. In laparoscopic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy, small incisions are made in the abdomen and the stones are removed from the kidney using a ...