Background Upper-extremity physical performance tests (PPTs) are frequently employed for athletic screening because they are easily administered in field settings. Knowledge of muscle activity during ...

Medically reviewed by Jennifer Steinhoff, MD Key Takeaways Muscle strength grading helps evaluate muscle strength on a scale ...

A review of instruments used to assess upper-limb function in patients with neuromuscular diseases found that more tools are needed to address specific diseases. In most neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), ...

How can doctors or researchers conduct cardiopulmonary exercise testing in individuals with lower limb injuries or disabilities that make it impossible to pedal a stationary exercise bicycle for the ...