Fifty years ago, Keldysh introduced an important idea. Treating both gases and solids on the same footing, he showed that strong-field ionization—valence-band to conduction-band transitions in ...

With the rising demand of non-linear type equipment and loads, mitigation of harmonics becomes increasingly important. If a harmonics study or testing indicates excessive harmonic levels or a ...

The power quality of electrical distribution systems has a drastic effect on power regulation and consumption. Power quality includes all aspects of events in the power system that deviate from normal ...

What are harmonics in RF systems? A given signal’s second harmonic is approximately twice the given signal’s fundamental frequency. Ideally, amplifiers are expected to have zero non-linearities in the ...

There are several ways to evaluate the bandwidth of a signal in the time domain and frequency domain. Previously we looked at the classic relationship of rise time (t r) and bandwidth (f 3db) [Ref 1], ...